Elastic-plastic flexural buckling of endurance panels
If we continue to increase the load level, the sheet will deflect until it eventually buckles (plastic buckling) causing permanent damage to the sheet. The point of deflection at which the sheet is bent is called the buckling deflection, which is a function of the geometry of the sheet and the amount of material it contains. Under long-term loads, the solid sheet can initially bend
To a depth that does not cause the sheet to bend (either elastic or plastic), but under constant load, creep effects can lead to an increase in deflection over time, which can eventually lead to buckling failure.